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Karamustafa bases this study on a fresh reading of the primary sources and, by integrating the findings of recent scholarship on the subject, presents a unified narrative of Sufism's historical development. His innovative analytical framework…

Provides an analysis of how visions of the Garden and the Fire, or Heaven and Hell, within Sunni Islam changed between the seventh and thirteenth centuries, and looks at how Muslims used images to represent the Garden on Earth from the seventh to…